I just remembered I have a job where I wanted to do something at least vaguely related to this. It isn't perfect and doesn't scale well if the job has multiple triggers, but for my purpose it was adequate.
The trick is that, at least to a certain degree of precision (for my purposes the minute was good enough), the LastRun value of the job will be equal to the LastRun of the trigger that started it. Obviously this falls down if the job is run manually within that precision of when it was scheduled; also, I didn't check this case for whether the job's LastRun can update during execution if it is run again in parallel, because if that happens with this job it isn't really a big deal.
Just an idea, in case that's good enough for your use case as well.